Peter Head CBE FREng FRSA –Executive Chairman The Ecological Sequestration Trust and Chairman of The Institute for Sustainability. Peter is a civil and structural engineer who has become a recognised world leader in major bridges, advanced composite technology, consulting engineering management and in sustainable development in cities. In Arup  Peter led their planning and integrated urbanism team for 7 years. In 2008 he was nominated by Time Magazine in 2008 as one of 30 global eco-heroes & named by the Guardian as one of 50 people that could ‘save the planet’.

Living in the city and taking part in its life is an active choice for most people. We go down to the café, cycle to work, take a dip in the harbour or go to a concert on one of the city squares. We can do these things because Copenhagen has a unique big-city environment with green areas, a clean harbour and a world famous cycling culture. In the city’s space we meet other people: both those we know already and those we just see down on the street, people with other values and other lifestyles. So, a varied urban life is an important part of a socially sustainable life.   Living in the city starts, both with the city and with the people living in the city. It has to do with the physical context and with the behavior of the human beings in it. Good architecture and peoples happiness. The lecture will focus on how we will become one of the most liveable cities; a sustainable city with urban space inviting people to a unique and varied urban life. How we are working on becoming a metropolis for people and try to put people in the middle when we design the context.

Tina Saaby has been Copenhagen City Architect since 2010 and is also external examiner at Roskilde University Department of Environment, Social and Spatial Change; Copenhagen University KU LIFE; visiting professor at University of Sheffield; former Vice President of the Architectural Association; and former owner of Witraz Architects.

Daylight in existing buildings represents a vast untapped resource for energy and demand savings. The presence of windows, shading devices and control of lighting circuits in daylit areas in the state of California represents a huge investment by developers and building owners which, in most cases, is not currently exploited for its demand and energy savings potential. This presentation focuses on the existing office buildings and their potential for reaping additional energy and demand savings from daylighting.

The California Commercial End-Use Survey (CEUS) and its detailed dataset of existing buildings provided a basis for the analysis. Additional data collection provided additional insight into office building types, window layouts, and exterior obstructions. It was shown that a full 75% of office square footage in California is low rise, i.e. under four stories, which stands in contradiction to many people‘s image of office space as existing primarily in downtown high rise buildings. It also found that a majority of California office buildings (60% of statewide building area) has some form of shading from trees, and exterior obstructions block a view of the sky up to an average of 24 degrees above the horizon. These findings suggest that energy modeling and program estimates should account for the reality of exterior obstructions such as trees and other buildings, since these existing obstructions have a significant impact on both daylight availability and solar heat gain.

The energy savings per square foot of building, or per daylit space, vary considerably, based on many factors, such as climate, location, the layout of the building and its façade characteristics. But simple improvements, such as lowering partition heights, repainting walls, replacing old ceiling tiles, and re-carpeting with higher reflectance products can increase average energy and demand savings.

Lisa Heschong is a Managing Principal of TRC Energy Services, which recently acquired the Heschong Mahone Group, Inc., the consulting firm she founded twenty years ago. A licensed architect for 30 years, Ms Heschong has devided her professional career between energy research, writing and building design.  She is an internationally recognized expert on daylighting, lighting energy use, and human factors in building design. Ms. Heschong has published scholarly papers, written for trade magazines, and conducted numerous lectures and workshops on issues of daylighting, high performance design, energy efficiency, and human comfort. Recently, she served on the Board of Directors of IESNA, and was Chair of the IESNA Subcommittee on Daylight Metrics, which just published new recommendations for annual daylight performance metrics as IES LM-83.

With an increasing interest in higher density living, one aim of which is to achieve a more sustainable mixed use and compact urban development, access to daylight and sun is becoming more constrained. This in turn will have implications for energy use and occupant wellbeing. Research at the University of Cambridge’s Martin Centre for Architectural and Urban Studies has been exploring these challenges and developing new analysis techniques that study the effects of urban form and energy use. Work to date has demonstrated a number of trends, including: increasing urban density by a factor of two (e.g. from a plot ratio of 2 to 4) increases primary energy demand in office buildings by 25%. However, research has also shown that by manipulating urban form, and in particular by introducing a greater degree of diversity in spacing between buildings and in relative building heights, daylight and sunlight availability can be increased. This urban diversity thus counteracts increasing density. Moreover, the range of microclimatic conditions that this diversity can create has been shown to provide a greater degree of adaptability and comfort with the outdoor urban conditions. Our current research studies the effects of urban form on domestic energy demand and solar potential. The findings suggest that in the current building stock the energy demand per square meter is independent of density, despite the intuition that more urban house compact forms will reduce heat loss. However, the energy use per dwelling or the energy use per occupant does reduce as densities increase, primarily because of the reduced floor area per dwelling and occupant in urban centres. Opportunities for solar gains reduce with urban density but there are key parameters of urban form and building design that can counteract this effect. Professor Steemers will demonstrate recent findings related to the analysis of urban form using digital and graphical techniques, combined with GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and energy simulation.

Koen Steemers is professor of Sustainable Design in the Department of Architecture, Cambridge University. Previously he was director of the Martin Centre for Architectural and Urban Studies (2003-08), and today also Director of Cambridge Architectural Research Ltd. As an architect and environmental design specialist, Koen Steemer’s current work deals with the architectural and urban implications of environmental issues.

The International Commission on Illumination – also known as the CIE from its French title, the Commission Internationale de l´Eclairage – has started a new joint technical committee (JTC) ‘Visual, Health, and Environmental Benefits of Windows in Buildings during Daylight Hours’. The technical committee will include members from Division 3, Interior Environment and Lighting Design and Division 6, Photobiology and Photochemistry.

The committee will review the scientific literature in all relevant fields and produce a concise document that identifies the values of windows in buildings. Examples of such values could the provision of light for visibility, ventilation, means of egress; aesthetic benefits, access to a view, and light for physiological functioning, including circadian rhythm regulation. If possible, based on this literature, the committee will propose preliminary criteria for daylighting metrics to support these functions.

Surprisingly there is no document that has the status of a consensus-based international document that pulls together these various aspects of windows. The absence of such a document is causing some friction between lighting professionals and building scientists focused on building energy efficiency. In some parts of the world there is pressure to reduce window sizes (or to permit buildings not to have windows) in order to maximize the insulation value of walls. The Global Lighting Association, in its correspondence with CIE, has specifically asked CIE to provide it with such a guidance document. Moreover, researchers are beginning to propose their own preliminary criteria for daily light exposure. By the time such a committee gets to that point in its work, it will be time for an international review to assess these proposals and to set directions for new work. Even if no definitive statement is possible at that time, the JTC could produce a document similar to the recently published document proposing that there does exist a minimum necessary UV exposure (CIE 201:2011: Recommendations on Minimum Levels of Solar UV Exposure).

Martine Knoop is Lecturer at the Chair of Lighting Technology, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany. After studying architecture and building physics at Delft University of Technology, she finalized her PhD in 2000, dealing with glare from windows and acceptance studies in daylit rooms. Before TU Berlin, she was a senior application specialist of Philips Lighting, the Netherlands and part-time visiting professor at Eindhoven University of Technology. She is also the Division Secretary of CIE Division 3 – Interior Environment and Lighting Design.

Most people now accept the case for sustainability and many wonder how the debate will move forward over the next few decades. Some commentators have asserted that biomimicry will be one of the main design tools that facilitate the shift from the industrial age to the ecological age of mankind. This rapidly emerging discipline draws on a sourcebook of solutions that have benefitted from a 3.8 billion year research and development period.

In this talk Michael Pawlyn will describe how biomimicry can be used to design buildings that not only achieve radical increases in resource efficiency but are also better for people – creating internal environments that enhance wellbeing and productivity. He will further illustrate biomimicry’s potential with descriptions of how it can facilitate the shift from a linear / wasteful / polluting way of using resources to a completely closed loop model – transforming existing buildings and cities will be as much about creating sustainable infrastructure as it is about sustainable architecture. Michael will also show some future scenarios that involve the creation of a solar economy in place of our current fossil fuel economy and the benefits of modelling our systems, buildings and cities on ecosystems.

Michael Pawlyn established Exploration in 2007 to focus exclusively on biomimicry. In 2008 Exploration was short-listed for the Young Architect of the Year Award and the internationally renowned Buckminster Fuller Challenge. Prior to setting up the company Michael Pawlyn worked with Grimshaw for ten years and was centralto the team that radically re-invented horticultural architecture for the Eden Project. He was responsible for leading the design of the Warm Temperate and Humid Tropics Biomes and the subsequent phases that included proposals for a third Biome for plants from dry tropical regions. He initiated and developed the Grimshaw environmental management system resulting, in December 2000, in the company becoming the first firm of European architects to achieve certification to ISO14001.He has lectured widely on the subject of sustainable design in the UK and abroad and in 2011 his book ‘Biomimicry in Architecture’ was published by the Royal Institute of British Architects.

Many aspects of human biochemistry, physiology, behavior, and the process of sleep are organized around a 24 hour rhythm driven by an endogenous circadian clock. The operation of the master pacemaker and all secondary clocks are determined by changing DNA expression in response to environmental signals. Epigenetics epi-(Greek: επί- above )-genetics is the study of changes in genetic expression without changing the basic DNA sequence. Ambient light and temperature are the primary exogenous environmental zeitgebers responsible for circadian genetic response. Recent study has demonstrated electric light to be as effective for circadian response as that of naturally occurring photoperiods of light and dark. Given that 90% of human daily waking hours are spent within the artificially illuminated indoor environment, the evidence based architectural practice of EPIGENTIC DESIGN has been established to investigate daylighting and electric lighting practice on circadian genetic expression. This session will seek to address emerging epigenetic circadian research investigating the impact of environmental light on genetic expression involving sleep, fetal development, and Vitamin D synthesis.

Deborah Burnett, ASID, CMG, LGC, AASM is an award winning internationally recognized registered interior designer, licensed general contractor, keynote presenter and member of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Over a successful 30 year professional career, her practice has emerged as a leader in the embodiment of intent-driven, evidence-based architectural and interior design devoted to a working knowledge of how the body and brain are directly affected by the built environment. An early pioneer in the emerging practice of EPIGENETIC DESIGN, she has been instrumental in disseminating important scientific and medical research examining the impact of built environmental ambient lighting on the process of sleep, cognition and obesity. In addition to consulting on projects throughout the world, Ms. Burnett’s work includes clinical and academic research, public education and outreach, academic lectures, and presentations in the popular media.

As environmental concerns increase, it is more important than ever to utilise natural light to its fullest in all public spaces, including galleries and museums. When working on the New Acropolis Museum, Arup’s lighting team used daylight as the theme to emphasise and enhance the ancient collection as well as the architecture.  Daylight is used as a tool to replicate, as far as possible, the outdoor conditions under which many of the architectural sculptures were originally seen.  The use of architectural lighting is kept minimal, playing a complimentary role, and switched on at dusks only.  This makes the night time transformation even more dramatic for the visitors and was key in achieving the sustainability agenda of the designers.

Florence Lam is a Director with Arup, an international design and business consulting firm. She leads Arup’s global lighting design practice, and has been responsible on a wide range of creative and well-executed projects all over the world.  She believes in Total Architecture solution, in combining lighting creativity with the highly–skilled expertise of Arup’s engineers and environmental specialists, which has a tremendous advantage over the traditional approach to lighting design.  Her particular interests in visual perception and natural lighting have played key roles in many of her innovative and sustainable design solution on projects, such as Tate Modern in London, Nasher Sculpture Center in Dallas, the New Acropolis Museum in Athens, Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto and the new California Academy of Sciences Building in San Francisco with Renzo Piano, achieving the platinum rating of the US Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design program.

Successful innovation often spring from mixing expertise and experience from different disciplines. Therefore, all projects in GXN are completed through interdisciplinary collaboration with selected specialists. It is not our mission to conduct core research, but bringing together and applying existing knowledge from manufacturers and academic institutions often outside the building industry. We work with network-based innovation through a number of applied research projects including daylight simulations, architectural psychology, and production of wild plant species. This includes for example working with programmers, psychologists, biologists, artists, chemists and gardeners.

How do spiders and mushrooms inspire tomorrow’s buildings? In architecture the word design is mainly associated with the design of buildings and objects. In the world of materials, design is something internal. The development of production methods on the micro scale has led to far greater control of how we design and construct new materials. This kind of design is mainly invisible to the human eye. In fact materials of the future are already a reality today, and they can help us to answer many of the ecological design challenges we are facing. Through the use of new material the aim is to develop a building culture that positively affects the world in which we live – both architecturally and environmentally.

New materials are very much a matter of new scientific knowledge. The volume of research in the within biology, physics and chemistry doubles every ten months – a rate of development that remarkably parallels that of the development of computing power. Our built environment needs to reflect on these shifts in technology by implementing and innovating through multidisciplinary expertise. Ultimately, the periodic table of elements defines our building blocks.

Kasper Guldager Jørgensen is Partner in 3XN and Director of GXN; the innovation unit at 3XN. GXN was established in 2007 to exploit the possibilities that arise applying the latest knowledge and technology into design and architecture. The mission of GXN is to develop a building culture that positively affects the world we live in – both architecturally and environmentally. Kasper is passionately engaged in research and development of sustainability design, digital processes, and new materials. He sees a great potential in these areas and wants to take part in its exploitation. In the space of a few years he has become a spokesperson for the shape of future architecture, focusing on new business areas and integration of new materials and green technologies.

Many types of daylight redirecting systems have been studied over the past few decades. These systems are designed to redirect the sunlight incident on transom or clerestory windows upwards onto the ceiling, thus redistributing daylight deeper into the space. In the present study, micro-structured daylight redirecting films were designed, characterized, produced and evaluated a variety of ways. The films are adhered to the inside surface of a window and are primarily aimed as a retrofit solution for improving daylight distribution and thus, allowing a reduction in electric lighting energy consumption. A parametric modeling study was used to determine the optimal shape of the structures for both optical performance and ease of manufacturing. Initial evaluations revealed excessive glare under certain conditions that was significantly reduced with the addition of a diffusing panel. The system’s optics were characterized with physical measurements of the BSDF and then validated with raytracing. The BSDF files were used as input to annual simulation runs using Dynamic Radiance to predict the resulting workplane luminance and Daylight Autonomy, and eQuest to predict potential energy savings for four climates in the continental United States. The films were also installed and evaluated in seven buildings across the US, and compared with untreated spaces in the same buildings. Occupant surveys and illumination monitoring were conducted in both treated and untreated spaces over a six month period. Results from these field studies will be discussed, including comparison of monitored versus simulated energy impacts, occupant response, and building system integration issues.

Raghu Padiyath is currently a senior product development specialist at 3M Company in St. Paul, MN. He holds a Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering and has worked on such varied subjects as vacuum thin film processes, solution coating and drying, photolithography, Laser Induced Thermal Imaging, and organic light emitting diode technologies. He has been working with daylight redirecting systems for the past three years.

The natural variably of daylight causes both delight and consternation. The changing patterns of daylight provide building occupants with a sense of ‘connection’ to the natural world. But by the same token of daylight’s dynamic character, the contact with the outside is fragile and often lost for much of the time because the undue ingress of light and heat results in shades being deployed – denying occupants of both daylight and views out. Shades are usually left closed long after the visual/thermal discomfort condition has passed, and so the daylighting potential of buildings is often not realised in practice.

Most shading systems act as a ‘shutter’ that is either open or closed, with users rarely making the effort to optimise the shading for both daylight provision and solar/glare control. A glazing with a transmissivity that varies continuously between clear and dark extremes would offer a much greater degree of control over the luminous environment.

This presentation will give a review of the different types of variable transmission glazing (VTG), and identify those which are poised to become mainstream products in the near future. Three distinct types of formulation have variable transmission properties: electrochromic, thermochromic and photochromic. Formulations based on electrochromic (EC) principles, where the glazing transmission is modulated by a small applied voltage, are considered the most promising at present because the sensor input can be any environmental parameter that can be measured, and the dynamic range that has been achieved is sufficiently high that secondary shading may not be needed.

The majority of the buildings of the year 2050 already exist, and retrofit of facades will be one of the key areas where changes to the building fabric are made. VTG could lead to a radical reconsideration of facade design, leading perhaps to the elimination of the need for (external) brise-soleil and (internal) blinds. And also giving an improved environment for occupants where sunlight is – optimally – controlled whilst view to the outside is preserved.

EC glazing has been deployed for evaluation in test facilities and also real buildings. The presentation will describe monitoring results from the first building in the UK to have EC glazing (a retrofit example), and it will conclude with a discussion on the market transforming potential of this now mature technology.

John Mardaljevic (PhD, FSLL) is Professor of Building Daylight Modelling at the School of Civil & Building Engineering, Loughborough University. Mardaljevic pioneered what is now known as Climate-Based Daylight Modelling (CBDM). Founded on rigorous validation work, CBDM is now the basis for research and, increasingly, industry practice worldwide. Mardaljevic’s practice-based research and consultancy includes major projects such as the New York Times Building and The Hermitage (St. Petersburg). He currently serves as the ‘UK Principal Expert on Daylight’ for the European Committee for Standardisation CEN / TC 169 WG11, and on a number of International Commission on Illumination (CIE) technical committees. In 2012 Mardaljevic was presented the annual UK lighting award by the Society for Light and Lighting (SLL). He is CIE-UK Representative for Division 3 (Interior Environment).

The paper and presentation will be about the importance of daylight and greenery for patients and employees in healthcare environments. A research will be described which has been performed before, during, and after the renovation of a hospital building. The results show that people have a natural need for daylight and greenery, and that the presence of both adds to the visual quality of healthcare environments.

The research was conducted in the basement of a Dutch hospital building. This department has a coffee room and waiting area which have windows to a small outside space below ground level. During a renovation a footbridge was placed on top of the outside space, giving access to the new entrance of the hospital. Later a vertical garden was made in the outside space, in order to improve the appearance of the coffee room and waiting area.

By a questionnaire research the effect of the changes on the perception of the spaces and employees’ and patients’ perceived well-being has been investigated. Furthermore, light levels were measured during the different phases of the renovation.

The results show that daylight levels in the coffee room have been reduced with about 80% due to the footbridge, which is much disliked by the employees. The vertical garden has improved the appearance of both rooms. It provides the patients with some distraction and also makes the coffeeroom looks brighter than before, although light levels have not increased. Employees, however, also note that they would like to have more access to daylight in their working area.

Hester Hellinga studied architecture and building technology and graduated in 2006 from TU Delft. In 2013 she will defend her PhD thesis in the research group Climate Design of the faculty of Architecture. Since 2011, she has been working at Cauberg-Huygen Consulting Engineers in the area of building physics with a focus on daylight and user perception of indoor spaces.

No one knows for sure, but it is a safe guess that for every new building completed each year, there are 10,000 existing buildings.  Most are inefficient and many are simple buildings where practical daylighting can be added. In addition to tremendous energy savings, better illumination and wellness benefits for occupants generally occur.

This presentation will discuss the investigation, calculations, and design of skylights for existing big box buildings, including retail stores, gymnasiums and industrial buildings.  It will address the many various design parameters including latitude, climate, building siting and other factors.  Cost effectiveness including energy savings and potential for occupant and worker benefits will be included.  Several completed projects will be shown and their verified results presented.

James Benya, is Principal of the Benya Burnett Consultancy based in Davis, CA. He is a registered Professional Engineer, a Fellow of the Illuminating Engineering Society, and a Fellow of the International Association of Lighting Designers. He has 40 years of experience as an architectural lighting and daylighting designer and has worked on projects throughout North American and other parts of the world. He is the only three-time winner of the Edison Award for Environmental Design including daylighted projects.

Panel debate with Michael Pawlyn, Philip Allsopp, Christoph Reinhart and Florence Lam with James Benya as moderator.